شناسایی و تبیین نقش طیور محلی در معیشت خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان مراغه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان

2 دانشیار گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان

چکیده

پرورش طیور محلی ضمن ایجاد تنوع معیشتی سهم مهمی در بهبود وضعیت اقتصادی خانوارهای فقیر روستایی کشورهای درحال‌توسعه دارد. شناسایی وضعیت این نظام بهره‌برداری و تلاش در برنامه‌ریزی بهبود جایگاه آن، نیاز به مطالعه عمیق و کیفی این نظام دارد. این تحقیق کیفی با هدف شناسایی و تبیین نقش نظام پرورش طیور محلی در معیشت خانوارهای روستایی صورت گرفت. از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند برای انتخاب نمونه‌ها استفاده و فرایند انتخاب زنان تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری منجر به مطالعه 17 نفر از آن‌ها شد. روش جمع‌آوری داده‌ها به‌صورت مصاحبه عمیق و حضوری بود که از ابزارهای یادداشت‌برداری و ضبط صوت استفاده شد. همچنین با اجرای هفت مصاحبه گروهی متمرکز (گروه‌های 8-5 نفره)، اطلاعات لازم جمع‌آوری شد. نتایج نشان داد که پرورش طیور محلی، چهار مؤلفه مورد نیاز برای تأمین امنیت غذایی با­ثبات را دارد و با ایجاد امنیت غذایی برای روستاییان نقش مهمی در سلامت آن‌ها ایفا می‌کند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که پرورش طیور محلی در کمک به اقتصاد خانواده، ارتقای جایگاه اجتماعی خانواده، بهبود دارایی‌های انسانی، افزایش توانمندی و مهارت زنان و کودکان، افزایش حس رضایت و آرامش روانی و استفاده پایدار از منابع طبیعی مؤثر بوده و سبب تأمین بخشی از معیشت خانوارهای روستایی می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Identifying and Explaining the Role of Local Family Poultry in the Livelihoods of Rural Households in Maragheh Township

نویسندگان [English]

  • Halimeh Razmi 1
  • Ali Shams 2
1 Ph.D. Student of Agricultural Extension, Communication and Rural Development, University of Zanjan
2 Associate Professor of Agricultural Extension, Communication and Rural Development, University of Zanjan
چکیده [English]

Local family poultry husbandry has a major contribution to improving the economic situation of poor rural households in developing countries. Identifying the status of this production system and attempting to plan its improvement requires a deep and qualitative study of this system. This qualitative research was conducted to identify and explain the role of local poultry farming system in rural household livelihoods. The purposeful sampling method for selecting samples and the process of selecting women to achieve theoretical saturation led to the study of 17 units. The method of data collection was in-depth interviews and in-person interviews using the technique of taking note and recording the voice of rural women. Also, by implementing seven focused group interviews (groups of 5-8 people), the necessary information was gathered. The results showed that local family poultry farming has four main components needed for sustainable food security and this system has an important role in providing of food security for the health of vulnerable rural populations. As well, the results showed that family poultry husbandry has been effective in helping to family economy, promoting social status of the family, improving human assets, increasing the ability and skills of women and children, increasing the sense of satisfaction and mental relaxation and sustainable use of natural resources. As a final result it was concluded that a part of household livelihoods is provided by this productive system.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Rural Households
  • Local Family Poultry
  • Production System
  • Livelihood
  • Maragheh Township
اله ویسی، م. ا.، زرافشانی، ک.، و رحیمی، م. (1396). تحلیل وضعیت امنیت زیستی واحدهای پرورش طیور در شهرستان روانسر. مجله علوم ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دوره 13، شماره 1، صص 160-145.
اسداله‏پور، ع. (1385). ارزیابی دوره‌های آموزشی دامداران: مورد استان مازندران. مجله علوم ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دوره 2، شماره 2، صص 110-99.
جلالی، ر. (1391)، نمونه‌گیری در پژوهش‌های کیفی. مجله تحقیقات کیفی در علوم سلامت، دوره 4، شماره 1، صص 320-310.
دانایی‌فرد، ح.، و امامی، م. (1386). استراتژی‌های پژوهش کیفی: تأملی بر نظریه پردازی داده بنیاد. اندیشه مدیریت، دوره 1، شماره 2، صص 97-69.
سجادپور، س. ک.، و احمدی خوی، ا. (1390). تحول مفهومی و مؤلفه‌های رژیم بین‌المللی امنیت غذایی. پژوهشنامه علوم سیاسی، دوره 6، شماره 4، صص 177-145.
شکاری، ع. (1390). نیازسنجی زنان آموزشیار شاغل در مراکز یادگیری محلی با تأکید بر ارزیابی مهارت‌های آموزشی، شغلی و زندگی آن‌ها. پژوهشنامه زنان. دوره 2، شماره 1، صص 51-25.
علی بیگی، ا.، و موسوی مطلوب، س.س. (1391). نقش توسعه بخش کشاورزی در کاهش فقر و معیشت پایدار روستاییان. مدیریت سرمایه و استعدادهای کشاورزی در پرتو صنعت و تجارت در استان زنجان، زنجان، دانشگاه زنجان، قابل دسترسی در آدرس اینترنتی: < http://www.civilica.com/paper-acpmliczp01-acpmliczp01_051.html>.
مرکز آمار ایران. (1390). سالنامه آماری استان آذربایجان شرقی. قابل دسترسی در آدرس اینترنتی: <http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx>.
مرکز آمار ایران. گزارش نتایج تفضیلی سرشماری کشاورزی 1393. قابل دسترسی در آدرس اینترنتی: >https://www.amar.org.ir/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7>.
محمدپور، ا. (1392). روش تحقیق کیفی ضد روش. تهران: انتشارات جامعه شناسان.
 
Abiodun Elijah, O., and Adedapo, A.(2006). The effect of climate on poultry productivity in Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5 (11), 1061-1068.
Ahuja, V., Dhawan, M., Punjabi, M., and Maarse, L. (2008). Poultry based livelihoods of rural poor: Case of Kuroiler in West Bengal. South Asia pro poor livestock policy programme, initiative of national dairy development board (NDDB) and FAO: Document, 12. ‏Avaible at: <http://sapplpp.org/files-repository/goodpractices/Report_Kuroiler%20Study%20Report_Final.pdf/at_download/file>.
Alabi, R.A., Esobhawan, A.O., and Aruna, M.B. (2007). Econometric determination of contribution of family poultry to women’s income in Niger-delta, Nigeria. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 7(4), 753-760.‏
Alders, R.G. (2004). Poultry for profit and pleasure. FAO diversification Booklet (FAO).
Alders, R.G., and Pym, R.A.E. (2009). Village poultry: still important to millions, eight thousand years after domestication. World's Poultry Science Journal, 65(02), 181-190.‏
Alders, R.G. (2012). Challenges and opportunities for small-scale family poultry production in ‎developing countries. Worlds Poultry Science Journal, 68(1), 153-163.‎
Alderson, M., and Jordan, W. (2007). Scale, skill and sustainable livelihoods-participatory aproaches to improving poultry production in peri urban commuvtties: Evedence from South Africa. The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(1), 13-23.
Amos, T.T. (2006). Analysis of backyard poultry production in Ondo state, Nigeria. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5(3), 247-250.
Asresie, A., and Eshetu, M. (2015). Traditional chicken production system and marketing in Ethiopia: A review. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, 8, 25-34.
Birol, E., Asare-Marfo, D., Ayele, G., Mensah-Bonsu, A., Ndirangu, L., Okpukpara, B., Roy, D., and Yakhshilikov, Y. (2010). Investigating the role of poultry in livelihoods and the impact of HPAI on livelihoods outcomes in Africa: Evidence from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya and Nigeria. In African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE). Third Conference/AEASA 48th Conference. September 19-23, Cape Town, South Africa.
Conan, A., Goutard, F.L., Sorn, S., and Vong, S. (2012). Biosecurity measures for backyard poultry in developing countries: A systematic review. BMC Veterinary Research, 8(1), 240-250.
Copland, J.W., and Alders, R.G. (2005). The comparative advantages of village or smallholder poultry in rural development. Proceedings of an international conference held in Dar as Salaam, 5-7 October, Tanzania.
Dadheech, T., and Vyas, R. (2014). Contribution of poultry in poverty eradication and promotion of gender equality in case of south Asia. Global Journal of Multidisciplinary, 3(7),1-10.
Deka, R.J., Zakir, A.M.M., and Kayastha, R.B. (2014). Improvement of rural livelihood through rearing of Chara-Chemballi Ducks in Assam. World's Poultry Science Journal, 70(02), 397-404.‏
Dolberg, F. (2007). Poultry production for livelihood improvement and poverty alleviation, in pPoultry in the 21st century: Avian influenza and beyond, proceedings of the international poultry conference, FAO Animal production and health division, Bangkok, November 5-7.
El-yuguda, A.D., Ngulde, I.S., Abubakar, M.B., and Baba, S.S. (2007). Village chicken health, management and production indices in selected villages of Borno State, Nigeria. Family Poultry, 17(1& 2), 41-48.
Emerhirhi, E., Nnadi, F.N., Chikaire, J.U., Anyoha, N.O., and Ejiogu-Okereke, N. (2017). Rural women agri-preneurship opportunities for poverty reduction and improved livelihood in Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Dynamics in Agricultural Research, 4(2), 16-23.‏
FAO. (2014). Family poultry development − issues, opportunities and constraints. Animal Production and Health Working Paper. Nomber 12. Rome.
FAO. (2014). Food and nutrition in numbers 2014. Available at: <‎http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4175e.pdf>.
FAO. (2016). Livestock and Income Generation. Available at: <http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/income_generation.html>.
Fenti, T., Abebe, B., and Kassa, T. (2013). Small-scale family poultry production in north Gondar: Characteristics, productivity and constraints. Research for Rural Development, 25, (161). Available at: <http// www.lrrd.org/ lrr25/ 9/fent 25161. Html>.‏
Gueye, E.F. (2002). Employment and income generation through family poultry in low-income food-deficit countries. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 58, 541-557.
Gueye, E.F. (2002). Family poultry research and development in low income food-deficit countries: Approaches and prospects. Outlook on Agriculture, 31(1), 13–21.
Gueye, E.F. (2003). Gender issues in family poultry production systems in low-income food-deficit countries. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 18(4), 185-195.‏
Gueye, E.F. (2005). Gender aspects in family poultry‏ ‏management systems in developing‏ ‏countries. ‎World’s Poultry Science Journal, 61, 39-46.‎
Gueye, E.F. (2012). Family poultry production and the millennium development goals ‎in developing countries of ‎Latin America, Asia pacific and Africa. Family Poultry Communications, ‏‎21(2), 44-48.‎
Hailemichael, A., Gebremedhin, B., Gizaw, S., and Tegegne, A. (2016). Analysis of village poultry value chain in Ethiopia: Implications for action research and development. LIVES Working Paper 10. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI).‏ Available at: <https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/71088>.
Harilal, R. (2013a). Socio economic status of backyard poultry growers in Andhra Pradesh. Indian Streams Research Journal, 3(7), 1-5
Harilal, R. (2013b). Livelihoods security of rural households through backyard poultry (BYP) rearing in Andhra Pradesh. Research Directions, 1(4), 1-5.
Iannotti, L.L., Lutter, C.K., Bunn, D.A., and Stewart, C.P. (2014). Eggs: the uncracked potential for improving maternal and young child nutrition among the world's poor. Nutrition reviews, 72(6), 355-368.‏
Islam, M.N., Islam, S.M., Salam, A.M., Tapu, A.I., Khan, M.S.I., and Begum, M.R. (2014), Family poultry for ‎poverty alleviation and gender equality promotion in coastal Bangladesh: A food and nutritional security Study. Journal of Agricultural Science, 6(6), 30-34.‎
Islam, R., Mahanta, J.D., Barua, N., and Zaman, G. (2002). Duck farming in north-eastern India (Assam). World's Poultry Journal, 58, 567-572.
Jha, B.K., and Chakrabarti, A.S.I.T. (2017). Back yard poultry farming as a source of livelihood in tribal village: An economic appraisal. International Journal Agriculture Science Reserch, 7(1), 267-274.‏
Jugessur, V.S., Pillay, M.M., Ramnauth, R., and Allas, M.J. (2006). The socio-economic importance of family poultry production in the republic of Mauritius. International Atomic Energy Agency Technical Documents,(1489), 164-178. Available at:<https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20063202107>.
Justus, O., Owuor, G., and Omedo Bebe, B. (2013). Management practices and challenges in smallholder indigenous chicken production in western Kenya. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, 114(1), 51-58.
Khan, M.M.H., Miah, M.Y., Bhuiyan, M.M., Begum, S., Hussain, M.M., and Khanum, ‎R. (2006). The status of homestead poultry production in Sylhet region. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5(11), 1092-2006.‎
Kingori, A.M., Wachira, A.M., and Tuitoek, J.K. (2010). Indigenous chicken production in Kenya: A review. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9(4), 309-316.
Kryger, K.N., Thomsen, K.A., Whyte, M.A., and  Dissing, M. (2010). Smallholder poultry production – livelihoods, food security and sociocultural significance. Smallholder Poultry Production Paper. No. 4. Rome. Available at: <http://www.forskningsdatabasen.dk/en/catalog/2398263623>.
Malik, H.E.E., Elamin, K.M., and Elagib, A.H. (2012). The role of rural women in improving households nutritional status and food security through traditional production system in Sudan. World's Veterinary Journal, 2(4), 43-48.
Meena, K.C., Singh, B., and Shivhare, M.K. (2012). Nutritional and livelihood security through backyard poultry for small and landless labours. Current Opinion in Agriculture, 1(1), 24-26.
Moreki, J.C., and Seabo, D. (2012). Guinea fowl production in Botswana. Journal of World's Poultry Research, 2(1), 01-04.
Mounica, K., Shravani, V., Srinivas, S.S., and Ramesh, P. (2018). Backyard poultry rearing practices in rural area of Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 7(2), 706 - 714.
Mwale, M., and Masika, P.J. (2009). Ethno-veterinary control of parasites, management and role of village chickens in rural households of centane district in the eastern Cape, south Africa. Trop Animal Health Production, 41, 1685-1693.
Nyaga, P. (2007). Good biosecurity practices in small scale commercial and scavenging production systems in Kenya. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Rahman, S.R. (2012). Document of good practices (GP) for family poultry development in swaziland. international network for family poultry development Réseau international pour le développement de l'Aviculture familiale red internacional Para El Desarrollo dela avicultura familiar. Available at: <http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/poultry/home.html>.
Ramdas, S. R. (2009). Reclaiming end angered livelihoods: Untold stories of indigenous women and backyard poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 65(2), 241-250.
Sambo, E., Bettridge, J., Dessie, T., Amare, A., Habte, T., Wigley, P., and Christley, R.M. (2015). Participatory evaluation of chicken health and production constraints in Ethiopia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 118(1), 117-127.‏
Sanusi, N.I.I. (2018). The effects of poultry farming on the socio-economic development of women in rural areas: A case of bichi local government area of Kano State, Nigeria. KIU Journal of Humanities, 3(1), 15-20.‏
Sayda, A.M. (2012). Family poultry as a tool in alleviating environmental hazards in settled areas of transhumant families in Gezira scheme Sudan. Asian Journal of Rural Development, 2(1), 1-12.
Singh, D.V., Mishra, A., Singh, S.R.K., and Athare, T. (2017). Impact of backyard poultry rearing on living standard of tribal community in kandhamal district of Odisha, India. International Journal Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 6(12), 3908-3914.‏
Sonaiya, E.B. (2007). Family poultry, food security and the impact of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI). World’s Poultry Science Journal, 63, 132-138.
State,E., Birungi, P.B., and Haan, N. (2009). The role of poultry in peoples livelihoods in Uganda. Available at: <http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al690e/al690e00.pdf>.
Sultana, R., Nahar, N., Rimi, N.A., Azad, S., Islam, M.S., Gurley, E.S., and Luby, S.P. (2012). Backyard poultry raising in Bangladesh: A valued resource for the villagers and a setting for zoonotic transmission of avian influenza. A qualitative study. Rural Remote Health, 12(3), 1927.
Taghavi, M., Ghorbani-Choboghlo, H., Khosravi, A.R., Erfanmanesh, A., and Balal, A. (2014). Fungal flora of the combs and wattles of Iranian native chickens. Iranian Journal of Microbiology6(1), 46-50.‏
Tufail, M., Sajjad, M., Zulfiqar, M., Sohail, S.M., and Ahmad, I. (2012). Economic of backyard poultry in Tehsil Matta, District Swat. Sarhad Journal Agricultur, 28(3), 485-492.
Wong, J. T., de Bruyn, J., Bagnol, B., Grieve, H., Li, M., Pym, R., and Alders, R.G. (2017). Small-scale poultry and food security in resource-poor settings: A review. Global FoodSecurity, 15, 43-52.‏